The structure of a Service Component

A service component is implemented by a class. To identify it as a service component, it contains an @service annotation. The SCA runtime will use the file name of the script to determine the component name, by convention. The class and script file must therefore share the same name.

PHP SCA components always expose a service, and there is no way for a component to be invoked other than to be called as a result of a Web service request, or called directly from another component or from a script. For this reason a valid PHP SCA component will always contain an @service annotation and at least one public method.

Each SCA Component requires that the SCA.php script is included. As well as containing the definition of the SCA class, this script contains executable PHP code that will run whenever the script is called, and which will be responsible for making the component behave as needed.

The example below illustrates this overall structure

Example 2. The structure of an SCA for PHP component <?php // any includes include "SCA/SCA.php /** * @service */ class ConvertedStockQuote {        // instance variables, business logic, including at least one public method } ?>

Obtaining a proxy for another Service Component

One SCA component can call the service provided by another SCA component. The service a component provides is made up of all of its public methods. SCA for PHP currently provides two ways for one component to call another: either locally (i.e. within the same PHP run-time, and on the same call stack) or remotely if the called component exposes a Web service binding.

In order for one component to call another, the calling component needs a proxy for the called component. This proxy is usually provided as an instance variable in the calling component, though proxies can also be obtained with the SCA::getService() call, as we shall see later. When a component is constructed, proxies are constructed for any instance variable which refer to another component, and these proxies are "injected" into the instance variables. Proxies are always used, whether the component is local or remote, in order to provide identical calling behavior between remote and local calls (for example, local calls are made to always pass data by-value). The proxies know how to locate the required component and to pass the calls made on to them.

Instance variables which are intended to hold proxies for services are indicated by the two PHPDocumentor-style annotations, @reference and @binding. Both annotations are placed in the documentation section for a class instance variable, as shown by the code below.

The @reference annotation before an instance variable indicates that that instance variable is to be initialized with a proxy to a component.

The @binding annotation has two forms @binding.php and @@binding.ws, and indicates that the proxy is either for a local component or for a Web service respectively. For both @binding.php and @binding.ws, the annotation gives a target URI.

At the moment, with the annotation-based method of specifying dependencies, the only way to alter the intended target of a reference is to alter the annotation within the component.

In our ConvertedStockQuote example, the $exchange_rate instance variable will be initialized with a proxy to the local ExchangeRate component whenever an instance of the ConvertedStockQuote is constructed.

Example 3. Obtaining a proxy for a local PHP class <?php    /**      * The currency exchange rate service to use.      *      * @reference      * @binding.php ../ExchangeRate/ExchangeRate.php      */     public $exchange_rate; ?>

For @binding.php, the URI identifies the location of the script containing the implementation of the component. The component will be called locally. The service provided is the set of public methods of the component. The URI must be a simple pathname, either absolute or relative. The component will be loaded with the PHP include directive, after testing to see if it is already loaded with class_exists(). If the URI is a relative path, it is resolved relative to the component containing the annotation. Note that this is different from the normal PHP behaviour where scripts would be looked for along the PHP include_path, This is intended to provide some location-independence for cross-component references.

If this ExchangeRate service were remote and to be called as a Web service, only the @binding line changes. Instead of giving the location of a PHP class, it gives the location of the WSDL describing the web service. In our example component, this is illustrated by the second reference:

Example 4. Obtaining a proxy for a web service <?php /**      * The stock quote service to use.      *      * @reference      * @binding.wsdl ../StockQuote/StockQuote.wsdl      */     public $stock_quote; ?>

The StockQuote component will be called via a Web service request. In this case the URI for the WSDL can be a simple pathname, or may contain a PHP wrapper and begin, for example, with file:// or http://. In the event that it is a simple pathname, it can be absolute or relative, and if relative will be resolved relative to the component containing the annotation. Note that this is like the behaviour for @binding.php, and different from the normal PHP behaviour where the file would be looked for relative to the PHP current working directory, which would usually be the location of the first script to be called. This behaviour is intended to give consistency across the different bindings and to provide some location-independence for references between components.

Calling another Service Component

The ConvertedStockQuote example also calls the proxies for the two components to which it refers.

Example 5. Calling services <?php $quote  = $this->stock_quote->getQuote($ticker); $rate   = $this->exchange_rate->getRate($currency); ?>

The call to the StockQuote service is a call to a local service; the call to the ExchangeRate service is a call to a remote service. Note that the way the call is made looks the same regardless of whether the call is to a local service or a remote one.

The proxies which have been injected ensure that the way calls to components look and behave are the same way regardless of whether they are to a local or remote service, so that components are not sensitive to whether a call is to a local or a remote service. For example, the proxy for a local service takes copies of the arguments and passes only those copies, to ensure that calls are made to be pass-by-value, as they would be for a remote call. Also, the proxy for a remote service takes the arguments from a positional parameter list and ensures they are packaged properly in a SOAP request and converted back to a positional parameter list at the far end.

In the example above, the $ticker and $currency are clearly PHP scalar types. Components can pass the PHP scalar types string, integer, float and boolean, but data structures on service calls are always passed as Service Data Objects (SDOs). A later section describes how a component can create an SDO to pass on a local or Web service call, or how a component can create an SDO to return. The PHP SDO project documentation describes how to work with the SDO APIs (see the SDO pages.

Locating and calling services from a script which is not an SCA Component

SCA components obtain proxies for other components or services as instance variables annotated with @reference, but this is not possible for a script that is not itself also a component. A client script which is not a component must use the SCA::getService() static method to obtain a proxy for a service, whether local or remote. The getService() method takes a URI as the argument. Typically this is the location of a local PHP script containing a component, or of a wsdl file, and is used in exactly the same way as the targets of the @binding annotations described in the previous section: that is, relative URIs are resolved against the location of the client script and not against the PHP include_path or current working directory.

For example, a script that needed to obtain proxies for the ExchangeRate and StockQuote services but was not a component would use the getService() method as follows:

Example 6. Obtaining a proxy using getService <?php $exchange_rate = SCA::getService('../ExchangeRate/ExchangeRate.php'); $stock_quote   = SCA::getService('../StockQuote/StockQuote.wsdl'); ?>

Methods on services can then be called on the returned proxy, just as they can in a component.

Example 7. Making calls on the proxy <?php $quote  = $stock_quote->getQuote($ticker); $rate   = $exchange_rate->getRate($currency); ?>

Exposing a Service Component as a Web service

SCA for PHP can generate WSDL from the annotations within a service component, so that it can be easily deployed and exposed as a Web service. To provide SCA with the information it needs to generate the WSDL, it is necessary to add the annotation @binding.ws under the @service annotation and to specify the parameters and return values of the methods using the @param and @return annotations. These annotations will be read when WSDL is generated, and the order and types of the parameters determine the contents of the <schema> section of the WSDL.

SCA for PHP always generates document/literal wrapped WSDL for components that are exposing a Web service. Note that this does not stop components from consuming Web services which are not SCA components and which are documented with WSDL written in a different style.

The scalar types which can be used in the @param annotation are the four common PHP scalar types: boolean, integer, float and string. These are simply mapped to the XML schema types of the same name in the WSDL. The example below, which is a trivial implementation of the StockQuote service that the ConvertedStockQuote component calls, illustrates string and float types.

Example 8. StockQuote Service <?php include "SCA/SCA.php"; /** * Scaffold implementation for a remote StockQuote Web service. * * @service * @binding.ws * */ class StockQuote {     /**      * Get a stock quote for a given ticker symbol.      *      * @param string $ticker The ticker symbol.      * @return float The stock quote.      */     function getQuote($ticker) {         return 80.9;   } } ?>

WSDL much like the following (though with a service location other than 'localhost', probably) would be generated from this service:

Example 9. Generated WSDL <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <definitions xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" xsi:type="tDefinitions" xmlns:tns2="http://StockQuote" xmlns:tns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" xmlns:tns3="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" targetNamespace="http://StockQuote"> <types> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://StockQuote"> <xs:element name="getQuote"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="ticker" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> <xs:element name="getQuoteResponse"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="getQuoteReturn" type="xs:float"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> </types> <message name="getQuoteRequest"> <part name="getQuoteRequest" element="tns2:getQuote"/> </message> <message name="getQuoteResponse"> <part name="return" element="tns2:getQuoteResponse"/> </message> <portType name="StockQuotePortType"> <operation name="getQuote"> <input message="tns2:getQuoteRequest"/> <output message="tns2:getQuoteResponse"/> </operation> </portType> <binding name="StockQuoteBinding" type="tns2:StockQuotePortType"> <operation name="getQuote"> <input> <tns3:body xsi:type="tBody" use="literal"/> </input> <output> <tns3:body xsi:type="tBody" use="literal"/> </output> <tns3:operation xsi:type="tOperation" soapAction=""/> </operation> <tns3:binding xsi:type="tBinding" transport="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http" style="document"/> </binding> <service name="StockQuoteService"> <port name="StockQuotePort" binding="tns2:StockQuoteBinding"> <tns3:address xsi:type="tAddress" location="http://localhost/StockQuote/StockQuote.php"/> </port> </service> </definitions> <!-- this line identifies this file as WSDL generated by SCA for PHP. Do not remove -->

Deploying an SCA component

There are no special steps needed to deploy a PHP SCA component. It is sufficient to place the component PHP script in its proper place under the web server document root, just like any other PHP script. It is the SCA::initComponent() executable line within each component that will be executed whenever the script is called, and which will be responsible for making the component respond appropriately to Web service calls, local calls, or requests for WSDL.

Obtaining the WSDL for an SCA component offering a Service as a Web service

SCA components that expose a Web service interface (i.e. have an @binding.ws annotation) will return their WSDL definition in response to an HTTP request with a get parameter of "wsdl". The usual way to obtain this is with "?wsdl" on the end of a URL. The example below uses file_get_contents() to obtain WSDL from a service and writes it to a temporary file before then obtaining a proxy for the service in the usual way. You could of course also obtain the WSDL in a browser, or by some other means, and save the file yourself.

Example 10. Generated WSDL <?php $wsdl = file_get_contents('http://www.example.com/Services/Example.php?wsdl'); file_put_contents("service.wsdl",$wsdl); //write the wsdl to a file $service = SCA::getService('service.wsdl'); ?>

NOTE: If the wsdl requires imported xsds, these will need to be fetched separately.

Understanding how the WSDL is generated

SCA for PHP generates WSDL for components which contain an @binding.ws annotation after the @service annotation. To generate WSDL, the SCA runtime reflects on the component and examines the @param and @return annotations for each public method, as well as any @types annotations within the component. The information from the @param and @return annotations is used to build the <types> section of the WSDL. Any @types annotations which specify a separate schema file will result in an <import> element for that schema within the WSDL.

Working with Data Structures

SCA components can pass and return the four PHP scalar types boolean, integer, real and string, but to pass or return data structures, SCA components use Service Data Objects (SDOs). SDOs are described in much more detail in the SDO pages of this manual. Readers familiar with SDOs will know that they are suitable for representing the sort of structured and semi-structured data that is frequently modeled in XML, and that they serialize very naturally for passing between remote components, or in Web services. SDOs are presently the only supported way to pass and return data structures. It is not possible to pass or return PHP objects, or PHP arrays.

The SCA runtime always assures data is passed by-value, even for local calls. To do this, the SCA runtime copies any SDOs in the parameter list before passing them on, just as it does for scalar types.

Error handling

This section describes how errors are handled. There are two types of errors:

• SCA runtime exceptions are those that signal problems in the management of the execution of components, and in the interaction with remote services. These might occur due to network or configuration problems.

• Business exceptions are those that are defined by the programmer. They extend the PHP Exception class, and are thrown and caught deliberately as part of the business logic.

SCA

Much of the work of the SCA class is performed when the file SCA.php is included within an SCA component. However, a PHP script may include SCA.php and call the getService() method on the SCA class in order to obtain a proxy for a service. A component will not need to do this as proxies are obtained instead by defining an instance variable with the @reference annotation.

Components that need to create an SDO to return to a caller will need a data factory to call. For this purpose the SCA class supports the createDataObject() method, which will create an SDO according to the model defined by the component's @types annotations. The arguments to createDataObject() are the same as those to SDO's XML Data Access Service.

SCA_LocalProxy

When getService() is called with the target of a local PHP component, a local proxy is returned. A local proxy is also injected into the instance variables of a component that are defined with an @reference and an @binding.php anotation. When the script or component makes calls on the local proxy, they are passed on to the target component itself.

Components that need to create an SDO to pass to a component will need a data factory to call. For this purpose the SCA_LocalProxy class supports the createDataObject method, which will create an SDO according to the model defined by the components' @types annotations. The arguments to the createDataObject are the same as those to SDO's XML Data Access Service.

SCA_SoapProxy

When getService() is called with the target of a WSDL file, a SOAP proxy is returned. A SOAP proxy is also injected into the instance variables of a component that are defined with an @reference and an @binding.ws anotations. When the script or component makes calls on the SOAP proxy, they are formed into Web service SOAP requests and passed on to the target component, with the help of the PHP Soap extension.

Components that need to create an SDO to pass to a component will need a data factory to call. For this purpose the SCA_SoapProxy class supports the createDataObject method, which will create an SDO according to the model defined within the target WSDL. The arguments to the createDataObject are the same as those to SDO's XML Data Access Service.