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 ios                  Base Class for Formatted I/O Stream


            The ios class is the base class for the formatted I/O
    classes in C++ (streambuf is the base class for the lowest level of
    I/O -- unformatted I/ O -- and ios makes use of streambuf). The ios
    class handles stream state variables and errors. The classes
    istream, ostream, iostream -- and, subsequently, ifstream, ofstream,
    and fstream -- are derived from it.